The scandal began on July 8, 1998, when French customs officers stopped Festina soigneur Willy Voet near the French-Belgian border and found several hundred grams and capsules of anabolic steroids, erythropoietin (EPO), syringes, and other banned products in his support car. A search of Festina's offices in Lyon uncovered further suspicious substances, including perfluorocarbon, while a document seized at team headquarters described systematic drug programs for the riders. Festina manager Bruno Roussel and team doctor Eric Rijckaert were arrested, and after Roussel acknowledged that doping was organized inside the team, Tour director Jean-Marie Leblanc expelled Festina from the race on July 17. Riders such as Richard Virenque, Alex Zülle, Laurent Dufaux, Laurent Brochard, Christophe Moreau, Pascal Hervé, Didier Rous, Armin Meier, and Neil Stephens were subsequently detained, medically tested, or questioned. Five initially admitted using drugs; Virenque and Hervé continued to deny involvement for a time, but both eventually confessed at the 2000 trial. Testing found evidence of EPO in eight of the nine riders, while samples also revealed human growth hormone, amphetamines, steroids, and corticoids. The affair shattered the image of doping as the work of isolated cheats: testimony suggested that team doctors, soigneurs, managers, and sponsors operated within a professionalized system designed to improve performance and manage hematocrit levels. At trial, former rider Thomas Davy described comparable programs at Castorama, Banesto, and La Française des Jeux, while UCI president Hein Verbruggen conceded that organized doping might exist. In December 2000, Voet received a ten-month suspended sentence, Roussel a one-year suspended sentence, and other officials received suspended sentences or fines; Virenque was cleared of the criminal charge of inciting doping but later received a nine-month suspension from the Swiss cycling federation. The scandal also prompted unprecedented exclusions from the 1999 Tour and permanently altered public and police scrutiny of professional cycling.
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