Hillsborough was not an unforeseeable accident. During the 1981 FA Cup semi-final between Tottenham Hotspur and Wolverhampton Wanderers, overcrowding at the Leppings Lane terrace caused a crush that injured 38 people, including spectators with broken arms, legs, and ribs. Police warned that fatalities could easily have occurred and recommended reducing the terrace’s capacity, but Sheffield Wednesday chairman Bert McGee reportedly dismissed the danger by saying, “Bollocks—no one would have been killed.” The terrace was subsequently divided into pens, but the alterations, together with later changes—including the removal of a crush barrier near the access tunnel in 1986—left the stadium’s safety certificate invalid; it had not been renewed since 1979, and its stated capacity was never revised. Further crowding was reported during the 1987 Sheffield Wednesday–Coventry City quarter-final and the Coventry City–Leeds United semi-final, with supporters describing severe compression and people being pulled to safety from above. Liverpool fans also reported crushing at the 1988 semi-final and formally complained before returning in 1989. Despite these warnings, Hillsborough was again selected as the neutral semi-final venue, and officials continued to treat the crowd primarily as a hooliganism problem rather than as a foreseeable safety risk. The eventual move away from fenced standing terraces and toward all-seater stadiums in England’s top two divisions became one of the disaster’s most consequential safety legacies.
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