The scandal began with questions about whether Reggie Bush's family accepted cash, gifts, housing, and other benefits while Bush was the centerpiece of USC's championship football machine. Bush, the 2005 Heisman Trophy winner, denied wrongdoing, but sports agent Lloyd Lake sued Bush and his family in November 2007 seeking to recover approximately $291,600 in money and gifts; Lake also agreed to cooperate with the NCAA. After a lengthy investigation, USC and the NCAA concluded that Bush had forfeited his amateur status through improper benefits connected to agents. The fallout was extraordinary: USC was ordered to vacate the final two victories of its 2004 national championship season and every win from 2005, banned from bowl games in 2010 and 2011, stripped of 30 scholarships over three years, and forced to disassociate from Bush. The BCS later stripped USC of its 2004 title and left the championship officially vacant, although the Associated Press continued to recognize USC as champion. Bush voluntarily returned his Heisman Trophy in 2010, making him the first recipient in the award's history to do so and leaving the 2005 Heisman officially without a winner for years. The severity of the punishment became a continuing feud between USC supporters and the NCAA, with critics arguing that the school had been made an example because of its celebrity-heavy, openly accessible football culture rather than because investigators uncovered a broad institutional conspiracy.
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