Lance Armstrong, Michele Ferrari, Emma O’Reilly, and the Motorola/U.S. Postal teams / 1990s
Armstrong’s relationship with Italian physician Michele Ferrari became one of the most persistent and damaging threads in the doping allegations. The pair were reportedly introduced by Belgian cycling legend Eddy Merckx in 1995, and Ferrari was later convicted in Italy of sporting fraud and abuse of the medical profession, although an appeals court overturned those convictions on the grounds that the alleged facts had not been established. Ferrari nevertheless remained banned from practicing medicine with cyclists by the Italian Cycling Federation, and Italian authorities said Armstrong met him as recently as 2010 outside Italy.
Former Armstrong masseuse Emma O’Reilly supplied particularly explosive testimony in the books L.A. Confidentiel and its successors, alleging clandestine trips to collect doping products, requests to dispose of used syringes, and suspicious packages connected with the team. She also claimed that officials arranged a false prescription to explain a 1999 corticosteroid finding, ostensibly by claiming Armstrong suffered from saddle sores. Armstrong denied the allegations for years, while former teammate Stephen Swart said Armstrong had encouraged doping within the Motorola team in the mid-1990s. The later confession established that Armstrong had doped, but individual claims about forged prescriptions, discarded syringes, and every alleged Ferrari transaction were never all adjudicated in court.
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