The Bowl Alliance was created to place the nation’s best teams in high-profile postseason games, but its structure effectively reserved the most prestigious bowls for champions of a small group of major conferences: the SEC, Big Eight, Southwest Conference, ACC, and Big East, with Notre Dame also included. The Big Ten and Pac-10 were separately bound to the Rose Bowl, while independent and so-called mid-major programs had almost no path into the Alliance. The most conspicuous victim was BYU. Despite winning 18 conference championships in 23 years, compiling one of the strongest records in college football, earning a No. 5 AP ranking, and finishing the 1996 season 14–1 after defeating Kansas State in the Cotton Bowl, BYU was excluded from the Alliance’s elite games largely because of conference affiliation. Its coach, LaVell Edwards, testified before Congress that the system was unfair not merely to his program but also to recruiting: athletes could be steered away from successful teams because their conference offered no realistic access to the top bowls. The arrangement faced the threat of antitrust enforcement, since critics argued that a cartel of conferences and bowls was monopolizing the most valuable postseason opportunities. Under that pressure, the Alliance was replaced by the Bowl Championship Series in 1998, which admitted the Big Ten and Pac-10 and at least opened a route for non-power programs. BYU’s exclusion became part of the political and legal pressure that reshaped college football’s postseason structure, and Utah later became the first mid-major team to reach a BCS bowl, winning the 2005 Fiesta Bowl.
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