1998 Tour de France peloton, Marco Pantani, Jan Ullrich, Bobby Julich, Erik Zabel and retrospective EPO testing / 2000s
The 1998 Tour's deepest scandal emerged years after the race had ended. At the time, laboratories had no officially approved test capable of detecting recombinant EPO, allowing riders to pass routine controls despite widespread blood manipulation. In 2004, French authorities retrospectively examined 60 surviving Tour urine samples using newer EPO-detection techniques. The first method produced 44 positive results, nine negatives and seven unreadable samples because of degradation. The identities were initially withheld because the work was presented as scientific research rather than a live disciplinary procedure. In July 2013, however, a French Senate anti-doping inquiry published the sample identities. The positive samples belonged to 33 riders, including winner Marco Pantani, runner-up Jan Ullrich, third-place finisher Bobby Julich and points-classification winner Erik Zabel. Even two riders whose samples were negative, George Hincapie and Stuart O'Grady, later admitted using EPO before or during the Tour. Combining the test results with confessions indicated that 35 of 38 retrospectively tested riders—about 92 percent—had used EPO, alongside the already established Festina cases and further TVM admissions. The findings did not simply implicate a few cheats; they suggested that EPO use had become embedded across much of the peloton, while the original anti-doping system had been unable to detect it.
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