Shoeless Joe Jackson, Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis, and the Black Sox defendants / 1920s–2020s
When the allegations became public in 1920, a Chicago grand jury investigated the Series. Jackson testified on September 28 that he had participated in the fix and had received $5,000, but insisted that he had not taken improper action on the field. He later maintained that he had rejected the bribe twice, that teammate Lefty Williams left the money in his hotel room, and that he attempted to alert White Sox owner Charles Comiskey. Jackson's testimony was also surrounded by claims of an inadequate legal defense: the club's attorney, Alfred Austrian, allegedly questioned him after giving him whiskey and persuaded the nearly illiterate player to sign a waiver of immunity. In 1921, Jackson and the other seven players were acquitted in criminal court, but newly appointed Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis imposed baseball's ultimate punishment anyway. Landis declared that even a player who merely promised to throw a game, attended a fixing conference, or failed to report the plot could never play professional baseball again. Jackson spent the rest of his life banned, played under assumed names in the South, and was excluded from the Hall of Fame. His guilt remains disputed: several teammates later said he was not present at their meetings, and a 1993 statistical study found substantial support for his claims of innocence, while his grand-jury admission and acceptance of money supported the case against him. Commissioner A. Bartlett Giamatti rejected reinstatement in 1989, Rob Manfred denied a 2015 petition, and MLB's 2025 policy removing deceased players from the permanently ineligible list finally restored Jackson's eligibility for future Hall of Fame consideration, though the Classic Baseball Era Committee will not consider him until its scheduled 2027 meeting.
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