1998 Tour de France peloton, Marco Pantani, Jan Ullrich, Bobby Julich and Erik Zabel / 2000s
The most damaging revelation came years after the Tour had ended. Because no official test for EPO existed during the 1998 race, stored anti-doping samples were retested in 2004 using detection techniques developed after the event. Of 60 remaining samples, the first retrospective method produced 44 positives, nine negatives and seven samples too degraded to interpret. The identities were initially withheld because the testing was presented as scientific research, but in 2013 the French Senate's anti-doping inquiry published the sample IDs. The positive samples belonged to 33 riders, including overall winner Marco Pantani, runner-up Jan Ullrich, third-place finisher Bobby Julich and points-classification winner Erik Zabel. Even the apparent negatives did not completely clear riders: two of the five riders associated with negative samples, George Hincapie and Stuart O'Grady, had separately admitted using EPO before or during the Tour. When those admissions were combined with the positive results, 35 of 38 retrospectively tested riders—92 percent—were indicated to have used EPO. The findings transformed the Festina and TVM cases from isolated team scandals into evidence of a peloton-wide doping culture, while also exposing the limitations of the testing system that had declared the 1998 Tour apparently clean during the race itself.
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