Marco Pantani, Claudio Chiappucci, Ivan Gotti, Pavel Tonkov, and the Conconi investigation / 1990s-2000s
The investigation into Conconi's institute uncovered computer files containing blood measurements for leading cyclists, turning routine-looking medical data into evidence of the era's hidden EPO culture. The records showed dramatic rises and falls: Ivan Gotti's hematocrit reportedly moved from 35.2 percent in January 1997 to 50.7 percent in June 1998; Pavel Tonkov's fell from 51.5 percent in June 1996 to 40.9 percent in September; and Claudio Chiappucci's rose from 35 percent in January 1994 to 60 percent in June after he finished fifth in the Giro d'Italia. Marco Pantani's figures were especially striking, rising from 40.7 percent in March 1994 to 58 percent in June and July, then reaching 56 percent during the 1995 Tour de France. After Pantani crashed in the Milano-Torino race on 18 October 1995, hospital tests recorded a hematocrit of 60.1 percent, compared with 45 percent the previous June. There was no formal hematocrit ceiling at the time, so the figures did not automatically constitute a rule violation, but the swings became emblematic of cycling's suspicion that EPO was being used in cycles designed to maximize performance while avoiding detection. In 2004, Judge Oliva said the blood tests of 33 cyclists treated between 1993 and 1995 were indicative of EPO use, though the statute of limitations blocked criminal cases.
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