Major League Baseball’s performance-enhancing-drug scandal became one of the defining controversies in modern American sports. Although baseball had maintained a ban on controlled substances, including steroids, since 1991, the league did not introduce a comprehensive testing-and-penalty system until February 2004. That policy called for random offseason testing and escalating unpaid suspensions: 10 games for a first offense, 30 for a second, 60 for a third, and one year for a fourth. The initial framework was widely viewed as insufficient to confront the scale and visibility of steroid use, and the controversy soon drew intense scrutiny from the United States Congress. Under that political pressure, MLB players and owners agreed on November 15, 2005, to impose far harsher consequences: 50 games for a first offense, 100 for a second, and a lifetime ban for a third. The episode permanently changed baseball’s relationship with drug testing, transforming what had been treated largely as a disciplinary issue into a central crisis of competitive integrity. By December 2009, Sports Illustrated had named baseball’s steroid scandal the number-one sports story of the entire 2000s. The penalties were strengthened again on March 28, 2014, to 80 games for a first offense, 162 games for a second, and permanent suspension for a third, with suspended players also barred from that year’s postseason. The lasting fallout was a formal, progressively stricter anti-doping regime and the enduring association of the 2000s with baseball’s performance-enhancement era.
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