In 2011, Japanese police investigating another criminal matter uncovered cellphone text messages that appeared to document fixed sumo bouts. The messages implicated a network of wrestlers and stablemasters who allegedly arranged match outcomes in exchange for money. Fourteen wrestlers were ultimately judged guilty, and most admitted involvement. The scandal was especially damaging because it followed years of denials by the Japan Sumo Association, which had even sued publishers over accusations that yaocho, or match-fixing, existed in professional sumo. Earlier statistical research by economists Steven Levitt and Mark Duggan had already attracted attention by finding that wrestlers with 7–7 records won roughly 70 percent of their final-day bouts, far above the expected rate against comparable opponents; their analysis suggested that wrestlers already safe at 8–6 sometimes helped 7–7 opponents reach the winning record needed to retain their rank.
The fallout was unprecedented. The JSA canceled the March 2011 tournament in Osaka, the first cancellation of a tournament since 1946, and forced every wrestler officially judged involved to retire. The May tournament proceeded without sponsorship, live television, trophy presentations, or admission fees and was branded a Technical Examination Tournament. One accused wrestler, Sōkokurai, consistently denied wrongdoing and successfully sued in 2013, with a court ruling that his dismissal was groundless; the JSA reinstated him, and he returned to the top division that July. The association's investigative panel concluded that fixing appeared to have been widespread, although it acknowledged that the full extent would be difficult to uncover.
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