Bennet Omalu, Mike Webster, Terry Long, and the NFL's concussion controversy / 2000s
In 2002, forensic pathologist Bennet Omalu examined the brain of Mike Webster, the Hall of Fame Pittsburgh Steelers center who had died suddenly after years of cognitive decline, depression, drug abuse, financial ruin, bizarre behavior, and suicide attempts. Webster's brain looked normal to the naked eye, but Omalu paid for additional testing himself and found dense accumulations of tau protein, the abnormal protein associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Omalu's 2005 paper in Neurosurgery argued that repeated football blows had produced long-term neurodegeneration in a professional NFL player. The discovery was not welcomed by the league: members of the NFL's Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee demanded that the paper be retracted in 2006, calling it 'completely wrong' and a failure. Omalu's second major case, former Pittsburgh Steelers lineman Terry Long, was even more disturbing; Long died by suicide at 45, yet his brain contained tau concentrations that Omalu said resembled those of a 90-year-old patient with advanced Alzheimer's disease. Omalu and colleagues later identified CTE in other deceased players, including Justin Strzelczyk, Andre Waters, and Tom McHale. At a 2007 concussion summit, their findings were presented to Commissioner Roger Goodell but were reportedly dismissed, while committee chairman Ira Casson publicly insisted that convincing evidence existed only among boxers and some steeplechase jockeys. The NFL did not publicly acknowledge a connection between football concussions and long-term neurological damage until December 2009, and only in 2016 did a league executive testify to Congress that football was linked to CTE. The episode became a defining example of a powerful sports institution resisting medical warnings about the human cost of its product.
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