Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative, Victor Conte, Patrick Arnold, Marion Jones, Tim Montgomery, Barry Bonds / 2000s
The Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative began in Burlingame, California, in 1983 as a blood-and-urine testing and supplement business, but under founder Victor Conte it evolved into the center of one of American sports’ most consequential doping scandals. Chemist Patrick Arnold developed tetrahydrogestrinone, or THG, soon nicknamed “the Clear,” a designer anabolic steroid that existing drug tests could not detect. Conte, BALCO vice president James Valente, trainer Greg Anderson, and track coach Remi Korchemny allegedly distributed THG and human growth hormone to elite athletes, using BALCO’s legitimate laboratory image and a network built through football star Bill Romanowski and the ZMA Track Club. Sprinters Marion Jones and Tim Montgomery became prominent names in the orbit, while Anderson’s relationship with Barry Bonds helped connect BALCO to professional baseball. The scandal exploded in 2003 after U.S. sprint coach Trevor Graham anonymously sent USADA a syringe containing traces of THG. UCLA laboratory founder Don Catlin then developed a test for the substance and found 20 positives among 550 stored samples. A September 3, 2003 raid uncovered customer lists, steroid and growth-hormone containers, and dosage plans; a search of Anderson’s home found steroids and $60,000 in cash. Conte and Anderson later pleaded guilty to steroid distribution and money laundering, receiving prison sentences, while the exposure of THG prompted a major expansion of anti-doping testing and permanently damaged the credibility of several sports stars. Bonds denied knowingly taking the drugs, and the source text does not establish a doping conviction against him.
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